Introduction
Protein has received a lot more attention in recent years, and there has been a flood of high-protein everything – from cookies, cakes, and muffins to breads, soups, and sandwiches, etc. Is all this really necessary and does everything need to be high protein? Does everyone need to be guzzling protein shakes at all hours of the day? Not necessarily . . . For those undergoing cancer treatment, protein needs can change depending on the type of treatment, the individual’s health status, and their nutritional goals. So, how much protein do you actually need, especially if you’re currently fighting cancer or you are a survivor focused on prevention? Let’s explore!
What Does Protein Do?
- Building and repairing muscle, skin, and other body tissues, which is especially important after exercise, injury, surgery, or treatment
- Supporting immune function by helping produce antibodies that fight off infections and illnesses
- Make up enzymes which are involved in chemical reactions in the body
- Produce hormones which regulate metabolism, mood, and more
- Maintaining muscle mass especially during weight loss or as part of a fitness routine
- Energy source: While it’s not the body’s primary energy source, protein can be broken down for energy if needed, particularly when carbohydrate and fat intake are low.
- Transportation and storage of substances like oxygen (hemoglobin)
- Structural role (collagen and keratin) for cells, tissues, and organs, including skin, hair, and nails.
Why Protein Matters in Cancer Treatment
Cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, often increase the body’s protein needs. During cancer treatment, protein is especially important for:
- Tissue repair after surgery.
- Maintaining muscle mass and strength during treatment.
- Supporting the immune system.
- Helping with wound healing.
Additionally, during cancer treatments, some patients may experience weight loss, muscle wasting, or malnutrition. Adequate protein intake can help prevent or minimize these effects, making it a key component of a cancer-fighting diet.
High-Quality Protein Sources
To meet nutrient needs during cancer treatment, it’s important to focus on high-quality protein sources that provide all the essential amino acids.
Animal Proteins
These contain all 9 essential amino acids and are usually very nutrient dense. For example, a 3 ounce serving of chicken (roughly the size of a deck of cards) will provide about 21 grams of protein.
Animal Proteins
- Chicken
- Beef
- Pork
- Turkey
- Lamb
- Fish (e.g., salmon, tuna)
- Shrimp
- Eggs
- Milk
- Cheese
- Yogurt
Plant Proteins
Individual plant proteins usually are lacking in one or more essential amino acid, but vegetarians and vegans can get enough protein by consuming a varied diet and eating enough. A half cup serving of beans will provide 7 grams of protein but is also rich in fiber and beneficial phytochemicals.
Plant Proteins
- Lentils
- Chickpeas
- Black beans
- Quinoa
- Tofu
- Tempeh
- Edamame
- Peas
- Nuts and nut butters
- Grains
- Chia seeds
- Hemp seeds
- Vegetables
Supplementing Diet
For those who struggle with appetite or eating large meals due to treatment side effects, protein shakes, smoothies, and supplements can also be helpful in meeting daily goals.
Individual Nutrient Needs
It’s essential to understand that protein needs vary from person to person, depending on factors such as:
- The type and stage of cancer.
- The type of treatment being received.
- Nutritional status before treatment.
- Levels of physical activity.
Calculating Protein Needs: RDA VS AMDR
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) is a fixed value that represents the amount of a nutrient needed to meet the nutritional requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals. For protein, the RDA is:
- 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight for the average adult.
This method provides a simple, individual-specific estimate based on body weight. For example, if you weigh 70 kg (154 lbs), your protein requirement according to the RDA is:
- 70 kg × 0.8 g/kg = 56 grams per day.
During cancer treatment, the body may require more protein. The typical recommendation for individuals with cancer is 1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram of body weight.
For example, a cancer patient weighing 70 kg (154 lbs) may need between 84 to 140 grams per day (70 kg × 1.2 = 84 grams and 70 kg × 2.0 = 140 grams).
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) is another method that can be used to calculate needs. It is a percentage-based recommendation that suggests what portion of your total daily calories should come from protein. The AMDR is:
- 10-35% of daily calories.
To calculate protein needs using the AMDR, you must first know your daily caloric intake. For example, if you consume 2,000 calories per day:
- 10-35% of 2,000 calories = 200 to 700 calories from protein.
- Since protein provides 4 calories per gram, this equals 50 to 175 grams per day. That is quite a range! Keep in mind that few people require amounts in the upper range and may have needs closer to 10-20% of calories.
Which One Should I Choose?
The choice between using RDA or AMDR depends on the individual’s specific situation. For sedentary or lightly active individuals with no special dietary needs, the RDA is sufficient to maintain health and prevent deficiency. For people with special conditions (e.g., cancer, athletes) the AMDR may be a better option since it offers flexibility to adjust protein intake based on total energy consumption!
In many cases you can even try combining both methods to get a bigger picture of your needs. You can try using the RDA as a minimum target for protein intake, ensuring that you are meeting your basic nutritional needs. Your AMDR can help you adjust intake based on total calories and specific health goals.
Conclusion
Protein is important for everyone and is crucial for maintaining strength, supporting the immune system, and aiding in recovery during cancer treatment. However, in our pursuit of protein, we cannot forget to include other macronutrients and food groups, since our bodies need these too! By calculating our estimated individual needs we can get a clearer picture of what to aim for and how to adjust your meals and snacks accordingly. As with everything, pay attention to how you feel when you make changes to your diet. Your body can give you valuable feedback!
This blog is not intended as medical nutrition therapy, medical advice, or diagnosis and should in no way replace consultation or recommendation from your medical professional.
